Posted by
editor on Saturday, May 10, 2008 10:53:17 PM
Following is my daughter's final composition for the English class she just completed.
The Right to Life: Every Human’s Right
Final Paper
English Composition II
April 20, 2008
One of the most controversial political topics today is the issue of abortion. Both sides have been very vocal. The pro-choice side portrays itself as championing women’s rights and freeing women from the burden of unwanted pregnancies. The pro-life movement argues that it’s protecting the lives of innocent children. On the surface, both seem like worthy causes. Unfortunately, one can’t support both. They are intrinsically contradictory, but choosing the wrong side to support could mean choosing death for an innocent population of human beings. However, with careful study and consideration, one can see that the pro-life side has the most logical arguments.
An article on the NARAL Pro-Choice America website demonstrates the pro-choice view most clearly. The President of NARAL tells us how she believes that we should have the freedom to decide what we want to do. Women are fully able to make decisions concerning their reproductive health. The government has no right to interfere in someone’s privacy – politicians have no business interfering in a woman’s pregnancy. (Keenan, “About Us”) Proponents of choice usually believe that women should be in charge of their reproductive lives and that they should never be forced to carry a child they don’t want or don’t have time for.
However, pro-choice advocates tend to vary as to whether or not the fetus is human. A perfect example can be seen on the National Abortion Federation website in the article “I’m pregnant, what are my options?” The website lists three options: abortion, parenthood, and adoption. (NAF, “I’m Pregnant”) The article on abortion describes this option as ending a pregnancy. (NAF, “Abortion”) However, a link leads to another website which lists a number of stories from parents who have lost their children. Some of the parents had abortions, others miscarriages; but as one story shows, the parents considered the fetus a child. Some even named their babies. (Luis’ Mum, “Our Lives Have Changed Forever”) Others however seem to gloss over the issue, never stating if they believe the fetus is a child or not.
The pro-life movement doesn’t see the fetus as just tissue or a potential human. In the pro-life view, it’s an actual, tiny human being. They have the potential to look, think, and act like humans because they are humans, not because they’re something else. (Pacholczyk, “Acorns and Embryos”) From my experience, this is the heart of the pro-life movement: embryos are human beings. Pro-lifers believe that unborn children have full rights, just like born children and adults. Unborn children are human beings, not masses of tissue. If they’re destroyed, it’s murder.
So, many pro-life and pro-choice advocates agree that the fetus is human, or at least something like a human. However, those same proponents of reproductive choice believe that abortion is a valid option, at least in some cases. Many people, especially politicians overcome this moral dilemma by saying something like this: I’m personally opposed to abortion, but I don’t believe in imposing my views on others. This is seen as the easy way out – the politician agrees with the pro-life side, but will allow the pro-choice advocates to have their way. However, this does not fly morally. Most people are personally opposed to murder, slavery, and drunk driving. (ALL, “I’m Opposed to Abortion”)
By the above argument, those of us who oppose these crimes shouldn’t impose their views on others. Obviously, however, one wouldn’t oppose something unless it is wrong. And if it’s wrong, why shouldn’t it be outlawed? (ALL, “I’m Opposed to Abortion”) The crux of the matter still is the “personhood” of the fetus. Is it a human? Is it a mass of tissue? Is it somehow in between – a potential human, an eventual person? If it is alive and if it is a human, it cannot be killed. Killing it would be murder.
Before we can show that it’s a human, we must show that the fetus is alive. For this, we must turn to science. A living creature must meet certain requirements: according to one source, it must be organized, it must acquire energy and nutrients from an outside source, it must respond to and interact with its environment, it must reproduce and/or develop, and it must be capable of adapting to changes. (Mader, pgs. 2-5) A fetus is indeed organized according to the scientific definition. It’s made up of atoms, which build molecules, which build cells – the building blocks of living tissue. (Mader, pg. 58). A fetus also acquires energy and nutrients from its environment – its mother’s uterus. The placenta, an organ which is attached to the fetus by the umbilical cord, transfers nutrients from the mother’s blood to the fetus’s blood (American Pregnancy Association, The Fetal Life-Support System). The fetus also responds to its environment. It’s very unclear as to whether, or when, the fetus begins to feel pain, although most nerve endings and brain centers are in place by the time it is 26 weeks old. (Derbyshire, “Can Fetuses Feel Pain?”) (This article concludes that there is evidence that fetuses cannot feel pain; the author also “served as an unpaid consultant for Planned Parenthood of Virginia, USA, and Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin, USA, and for the Pro-Choice Forum, United Kingdom.”) However, the development of the fetus can be affected by factors in the mother’s diet, especially if the mother consumes alcohol during the pregnancy. One source suggests that only 20% of birth defects are hereditary. Lack of proper nutrition can cause spina bifida. If a pregnant woman has an X-ray, the fetus can develop other birth defects and leukemia. (Mader, pg. 812)
The fetus obviously reproduces and develops. It begins as a single cell, the combination of the father’s sperm and mother’s egg. By the end of the second week, the embryo has become a mass called the embryonic disk, complete with two layers of cells. (Mader, pg. 809) It continues to grow, and by the eighth week, it begins to look like a human, and all its organ systems are developed. (Mader, pg. 810) At the end of nine months of course, those little cells have become a baby. Lastly, the fetus certainly adapts to changes in its environment. After conception, it travels to the uterus. During the second week, it secretes enzymes that actually “digest” the membranes on the wall of the uterus so it can implant. (Mader, pg. 808) It’s also able to adapt to the shock of leaving its mother’s body, quickly beginning to breathe on its own.
So, to all scientific intents and purposes, the fetus is alive from the time it’s conceived. Now we move to the question of its humanity. Some Greek philosopher long ago defined humans as featherless bipeds. By this definition, the fetus isn’t human until it develops two legs, but it would also make gorillas human, so this philosophical definition obviously isn’t specific enough. The human we see on the streets ranges from only about a foot high to over seven feet. Its skin can be many shades, as can its hair, which can be long, short, curly, straight, or even absent. The appearance of humans can be so varied; it’s not hard to suggest that humans can also look like the fetus. Science clinches the question by going to the DNA level. Humans have 46 chromosomes in every cell. Unborn fetuses also have 46 chromosomes in every cell. The tiny cell formed at the beginning of gestation will grow and become a human – never a chimpanzee, a goldfish, or a toucan. Perhaps the question should be, “If it’s not a human, what is it? It’s alive, it has the scientific characteristics of a human, so if it’s not a human, what is it?”
Many people believe that abortion should at least be legal in the case of rape or incest. At first glance, this argument seems reasonable. Why should a woman be forced to carry a child conceived in traumatic circumstances? Her pregnancy will be a daily reminder of a horrible crime. However, abortion after rape is an injustice to that living creature with those human characteristics in its mother’s womb. Let’s put it this way. Imagine that John Smith committed some horrible crime, such as rape. Imagine then that he went to trial, and the court declared that in punishment, his 15 year old daughter Janie Smith would be killed. Is that just or fair? The answer is no. What if Janie is only five? Is it just to kill her now? No. What if Janie is a newborn baby? The answer is still no. (Pacholczyk, “Sexual Assault and Abortion”) Obviously, John Smith’s crime is still horrible, and justice should be served. However, no one would consider it justice that an innocent child, even the rapist’s child, should be punished instead. That child conceived in rape is innocent. It didn’t ask to be conceived. Offering abortion to a woman victimized by rape may seem like a compassionate response, but it is unjust and unethical. (Pacholczyk, “Sexual Assault and Abortion”).
What about the mother? Isn’t it unjust that she would have to carry an unplanned child, conceived through assault, for nine months? According to a nine year study by the Elliot Institute and Fortress International, the majority of women who conceived through rape believed that abortion often led to further trauma. All the women in the study who carried their unborn children to term expressed no regret that they had not chosen abortion. (Pacholczyk, “Sexual Assault and Abortion”).
Proponents of choice also argue that it’s better to abort an unwanted child, or a child that the mother can’t afford. This is an example of committing an evil act for a good cause. In a perfect world, every family would be able to afford every child, and no baby would be unwanted. However, this will never happen, and it’s no excuse to end the life of these unwanted children. What would happen if a couple had a ten year old son, and because they lost their jobs, they couldn’t afford to feed him, care for him, or educate him, and they decided to kill him so he wouldn’t suffer from poverty? It’s unlikely that many people would support the parents. We don’t have the right to take the life from an innocent person. In the same way, it’s not fair to take the life of an unborn child simply because it might suffer poverty or neglect.
But what if the unborn child is going to suffer terribly? What if it’s going to die a painful death from a birth defect? This is a very difficult question to answer, since it leads to a separate question – the morality of euthanasia. Many people believe that it’s an act of mercy to end the life of someone who’s suffering or appears to have a poor quality of life. This attitude carries over into the issue of abortion. Isn’t it merciful to prevent a child that’s going to suffer from coming into the world? However, everyone suffers to some degree in life. Who’s to decide how much suffering is too much? By American standards, many people in some Third World countries have a very poor quality of life. Would it be just to murder all those people simply because we have decided that they have no quality of life and would be better off dead? Of course not. The same principle applies to unborn children as well. If they are human beings, no one has a right to end their lives. We do have a duty to stand by them and care for them in their suffering. (Pacholczyk, “Feeding Our Loved Ones”)
Pro-choice advocates often bring up another difficult question: what if the pregnancy is endangering the mother’s health, even her life? For example, in the case of an ectopic pregnancy, the embryo implants in the mother’s fallopian tubes instead of in the uterus. If left untreated, the tube will rupture, causing severe injury or even death to the mother. (APA, “Ectopic Pregnancy”) There are truly only two options: allow the mother to die or end the pregnancy, resulting in the death of the child.
However, there are several options for how to end the pregnancy. The drug methotrexate will cause all the tissues from the pregnancy (including the fetus) to be absorbed, surgery can remove the fetus, or the fallopian tube itself may be removed, along with the fetus. (APA, “Ectopic Pregnancy”) Each of these options should be analyzed as to its intention, the means, and the end. The intention is good – the doctor wants to save the mother’s life. The means, however, in two of the cases is unjust to the unborn child – its life is directly ended, as a way to save the mother. However, in one case, the fetus is not killed, but dies as a result of the fallopian tube being removed. The end result is the same (the mother is saved, the unborn child loses its life) but the child is not killed. (Howard, “The Moral Management of Ectopic Pregnancies”) An ectopic pregnancy is a terribly tragic event, but we can’t lose sight of the fact that there are two lives involved, not just one. In the end, someone loses a life, but even though that end is inevitable, we can’t just take the life of the child, anymore than we would murder the mother as she lies there in the hospital.
Lastly, there’s evidence that the pro-choice movement may have a more chilling motive than protecting women’s reproductive freedoms. Margaret Sanger, the founder of Planned Parenthood, wrote a treatise on sterilization – the sterilization, that is, of those with so-called “objectionable” traits. While Planned Parenthood today may or may not believe in aborting those with the wrong genes, it’s disturbing to see that its founder believed in eugenics. (Richmond, “Margaret Sanger, Sterilization, and the Swastika”) Dr. Alveda King, niece of Martin Luther King, Jr., also decried Planned Parenthood as a racist organization and pointed out that while only African-Americans make up only 12% of the US population, they account for 37% of abortions. Planned Parenthood also locates 78% of its clinics in African-American neighborhoods. (Sheffrin, “Alveda King Calls Abortion ‘Racist’”)
In the end, it’s only fair that every human being have equal rights to life. Yes, there are many difficult and even tragic situations. Most mothers who choose abortion aren’t cruel people; they are just women who believe they need to make this terrible choice because of assault, birth defects, shame, or poverty. But as Susan Rezzonico, director of Social Concerns and Public Policy for the diocese of Colorado Springs, points out, abortion always takes a life. We should do our best to discourage abortions by reminding society and individuals of this fact. Those mothers who are considering abortion should never be condemned; instead, we should help them to see the beauty of life and offer them any help that they need. Ms. Rezzonico also brought attention to the fact that abortion has hurt our society horribly. Not only have we lost our respect for all stages of human life, but we’ve lost so many family members. All those unborn children who were never given a chance could have been athletes, politicians, soldiers, Nobel prize winners, great scientists. One of those children could have found the cure for cancer. One of them might have saved someone’s life. Sadly, we’ll never know what we lost. (Personal/telephone communication; (719) 866 - 6441/srezzonico@ccharitiescs.org)
Abortion is a tragedy. It’s a terrible misfortune for the unborn child and for the entire human species. That’s why we can’t choose abortion. It means choosing death instead of life.
Bibliography
Keenan, Nancy. (2008) “About Us” Retrieved April 4th, 2008 from the NARAL Pro-Choice America website:
http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/about-us/
National Abortion Federation (No Date) “I’m Pregnant. What Are My Options?” Retrieved April 15th, 2008 from the National Abortion Federation website: http://www.prochoice.org/pregnant/options/index.html
National Abortion Federation (No Date) “Abortion” Retrieved April 15th, 2008 from the National Abortion Federation website:
http://www.prochoice.org/pregnant/options/abortion.html
Luis’ Mum. (No Date, after 2006) “Our Lives Have Changed Forever” Retrieved April 18, 2008 from “A Heartbreaking Choice” website:
http://www.aheartbreakingchoice.com/Luissb.html
Rev. Pacholczyk, Tadeusz, Ph. D (Published May 1, 2007) “Acorns and Embryos” Retrieved March 21st, 2008 from the National Catholic Bioethics Center website: http://www.ncbcenter.org/FrTad_MSOOB_23.asp
American Life League (ALL). (Published October 12th, 2005) “I’m Opposed to Abortion” Retrieved April 19th, 2008 from the American Life League website:
http://www.all.org/article.php?id=10185&search=personally%20opposed
Mader, Sylvia S. (2007) “Biology” (9th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill Companies
“The Fetal Life-Support System: Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Sac” (Last updated July 2007) Retrieved April 11th, 2008 from the American Pregnancy Association:
http://www.americanpregnancy.org/duringpregnancy/fetallifesupportsystem.html
Derbyshire, Stuart W G. (2006) “Can Fetuses Feel Pain?” Retrieved April 11th, 2008 from the BMJ website:
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/332/7546/909
Rev. Pacholczyk, Tadeusz, Ph. D (Published January 1, 2007) “Sexual Assault and Abortion” Retrieved April 12th, 2008 from the National Catholic Bioethics Center website: http://www.ncbcenter.org/FrTad_MSOOB_19.asp
Rev. Pacholczyk, Tadeusz, Ph. D (Published January 1, 2008) “Feeding Our Loved Ones: The Modern Anathema of Living with Brain Damage” Retrieved April 16th, 2008 from the National Catholic Bioethics Center website: http://www.ncbcenter.org/FrTad_MSOOB_31.asp
The American Pregnancy Association (Last updated 01/2007) “Ectopic Pregnancy” Retrieved April 19th, 2008 from the American Pregnancy Association website: http://www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancycomplications/ectopicpregnancy.html
Fr. Joseph C. Howard, Jr., M. Div. (Published November 28th, 2005) “The Moral Management of Ectopic Pregnancies” Retrieved April 19th, 2008 from the American Life League website:
http://www.all.org/article.php?id=10335
Richmond, Mike. (No Date) “Margaret Sanger, Sterilization, and the Swastika” Retrieved April 20th, 2008 from the Ethical Spectacle website: http://www.spectacle.org/997/richmond.html
Sheffrin, Alexander J. (Published April 15th, 2008) “Alveda King Calls Abortion ‘Racist’” Retrieved April 20th, 2008 from the Christian Post website:
http://christianpost.com/article/20080415/31951_Alveda_King_Calls_Abortion_%5C'Racist%5C'.htm